Just know about hemp seed oil properties

 Hemp, Cannabis Sativa L. is an ancient crop. It is possible that hemp was grown in China as early as 20,000 years ago, although there is not much evidence to support this belief. Hemp was widely used in Europe as a cash crop by the 16th century for its seed and fiber. In 1645, hemp was introduced to America by the New England region. Hemp-derived products were replaced by cotton products in the late 1800s, due to technical advances in cotton ginning. Hemp fiber was used primarily in sailcloth and cordage. However, demand for hemp declined further with the advent of steam- and petroleum-powered ships. Some consumers are confused by the appearance of hemp-derived oils on supermarket shelves. While hemp seed oil can be used in food products, cbd oil cannot.

The Cannabis plant contains several psychoactive compounds including -9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It is important that you note that the concentration of THC in Cannabis varies depending on both genetic and environmental factors. The majority of industrial hemp plants grown in cultivation contain less than 1% THC. Marijuana, which is commonly used to describe Cannabis grown for recreational and drug use, contains between 3 and 30% THC. The presence of THC in hemp made it illegal to cultivate the plant in the United States. This was enacted in the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937. Due to the interruption in imports and high demand for hemp fiber, the ban on hemp production was lifted during World War II. Controls were reinstated after the war.

The 2014 farm bill distinguished industrial hemp with a THC content of 0.3% or less than marijuana. Hemp was made an agricultural commodity in 2018 by the removal of it from the controlled substance list. Hemp is currently being looked at as an alternative to lower-value commodity crops.

There are over 40 different hemp cultivars. Finola is the most popular cultivar used for commercial purposes. Hemp can also be grown for oil, fiber, and seed. Hemp grown for industrial purposes is more closely planted to increase fiber production and decrease leaf development. However, hemp used as a seed is generally planted further apart. Hemp can be used as a food ingredient or in feed formulations if it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for food and the Association of American Feed Control Officials for feed products. Food products can use hemp seed and hemp oil. Hemp seed and hemp oil are not approved for use as a feed ingredient.

Seed Properties

Hemp seeds are the fruits of medicinal cannabis sativa and have a round shape with varying diameters from 3.0 to 5.0 mm. They are dark brown in color. The pericarp is a thin, two-layered layer covering the seeds. There are two cotyledons and an endosperm inside. Hempseeds are high in oil and protein with a 25-30% to 30% ratio, along with 30-40% fiber, and 6-7% moisture. The hemp cultivar that was planted will affect the chemical composition of the seeds.

Seed Processing

To make hemp seeds, you can use the same methods as any other oil-seed. (See fact sheets FAPC-153 Oilseed and Oilseed Pre-treatment; FAPC-159 Oilseed and Oilseed Process II: Oil Extraction Techniques and FAPC-160 Oilseed and Oilseed processing III: Crude Oil Refining. Basically, seeds are separated form foreign matter like stones, metal pieces, and other seeds and plant parts. They are then conditioned to adjust the seed moisture. Two common methods for extracting oil from seeds are mechanical pressing and/or solvent extraction. These techniques are usually done with hexane. The end use of the crude oil is determined by the refinement processes.

Hemp Seed Oil Properties

 CBD oil, an essential oil extracted from the flowers and leaves of the hemp plant, is not legal for food products.

hemp seed oil has a high level of polyunsaturated fat acid (PUFA), which is 70-90%. It's also a good source of essential fatty oils, linoleic (see fact sheet FAPC196 Lipid Glossary). The major fatty acids in seed oil are linoleic acid (50-70%). The desirable omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of hemp seed oil, 3:1, is considered healthy (see fact sheet FAPC-135 Foods, Health, and Omega-3 Oils). The omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 3:1 to 5:1 is optimal for good health. However, this topic is still controversial. Hemp seed oil is a commodity seed oil that contains a significant amount of glycerin (GLA) at 0.5 to 6.5% and stearadonic acids (SDA) at 0.3-2.5%. GLA, an omega-6 PUFA, is found in human milk as well as several botanical oil seed oils like blackcurrant, evening primrose, and borage. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Scientific studies have shown that GLA-supplemented diets reduce inflammatory reactions. SDA, an omega-3 fat acid, is a precursor to other omega-3 oils. SDA in diet can be easily converted into the health-beneficial long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) by humans (see fact sheet FAPC-135 Foods, Health, and Omega-3 Oils). Hemp seeds from tropical and extreme regions have higher GLA levels and SDA than those grown in milder climates. The contents of saturated fatty acids, palmitic, and stearic oils in hemp seed oil vary from 5-9% to 2-3%, respectively.

Solvent-extracted hemp seed oil is liquid at room temperatures. It has a yellow colour, bland taste and a strong nutty smell. The organoleptic properties and maturity of hemp seed oil can vary depending on where it was grown, how much oil was extracted and the location. It can have a pungent, strong flavor. Postharvest management practices can also affect the taste of the oil, i.e. High temperature drying can lead to increased levels of volatile compounds, peroxides, and free fatty acid, as well as quality deterioration (see factsheet FAPC197 Edible Oil Quality). Refined oil's specific gravity and refractive index at 40 and 20 degrees C is 1.4570 and 0.8927 respectively. Crude hemp seed oil has an even higher specific gravity (0.9200) than refined oil. Because of its high PUFA level, hemp seed oil has lower melting points and smoke points than other cooking oils.

Hemp seed oil that has been commercially refined is significantly more unsaponifiable than other commodity oils. (see fact sheet FAPC196 Lipid Glossary). The hemp seed oil high phytosterol (plant steroids) content is partially responsible for this. Numerous studies have shown that phytosterols can lower low-density lipoprotein levels in the blood. The most important natural antioxidants are tocopherols. The hemp seed oil's tocopherol content is between 76.4 mg and 92.1 mg/100 grams. This is comparable to other oils like soybean and sunflower seeds oil.

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